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8/1 Western Civ. Church Reform and the Crusades The Age of Faith - Monasteries led to spiritual revival. Problems in the Church *Many village priests got married and had families. This was against the Church teachings. * Bishops sold positions in the church. This was called simony. * Using the practice of lay investiture, kings appointed Church bishops. Church reformers felt the Church alone should appoint bishops. In the 1100's and 1200's the church restructured to resemble a kingdom. The pope was the head of the Church and his group of advisers was called the papal Curia. The Curia also acted as a guide in matters such as divorce, marriage and inheritance. The church collected taxes in the form of a tithe. Religious teachers were monks and friars. Friars took an oath of poverty, Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan friars. Women also led religious lives. Hildegard of Bingen was a nun who wrote religious music. Cathedrals were considered the cities of God. Gothic cathedrals had specific architectural structures and details. Flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed arches and tall spires The Crusades were launched to gain political, religious and social advantages. The first and second Crusades wee the most important. The Christian crusades sought to gain land from and convert the Muslim population. The Muslim leader, Saladin, succeded in capturing Jerusalem. Richard the Lion-Hearted, and English king, led the crusades to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. Richard did not succeed. In the end Saladin promised that unarmed Christians could visit the holy land. The Crusades dwindled after the fourth crusade fell. The Children's Crusade took place in 1212. In two different movements thousands of children banded together to take over Jerusalem. Thousand of children died on their way to visit the pope. The rest were told to wait until they were older and stronger. In Spain the Muslims were called Moors. In the 1100's they controlled most of the country of Spain. The Reconquista was the Spanish attempt to overthrow the Muslims. They were successful in obtaining a little portion of land which was ruled by the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella. Inquisition were held where people were tried for heresy against the Christian cChurch. When convicted people were burned at the stake. The effects of the Crusades- the failures of the crusades led t the weakened power of the pope. It left legacy of hatred and distrust between the Muslims and the Christians. 8/2 Notes Changes in Medieval Society terms and Names three-field system - Farmland divided into three equal-sized fields, in which crops were rotated. guild - An organization working to get the best proces or working conditions Commercial Revolution - The expansion of trade and changes in business practices burgher - Merchants class person who lived in town vernacular - Everyday language Thomas Aquinas - Scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning scholastic - Scholars who gathered and taught at universities Why did the food supply increase? The climate in Europe became warmer between the years 800-1200. This helped farming. Farmers also developed better ways to produce crops. Horses pulled plows. Horses could do twice the work of oxen. A new harness made use of horses possible. Farmers also used a new method of rotting crops planted in an area. They planted two-thirds of their fields, leaving one-third unplanted. This three field system helped farmers grow greater amounts of food. 1. Give three reasons why the food supply increased. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ What were the guilds? Changes in the way goods were produced and sold happened in the medieval period. merchants banded together in an organization called a guild. A merchant guild worked to get the best prices for their goods. Later, workers formed craft guilds. They were made up of workers who did the same job. These included bakers, tailors, and glass makers. members set standards and prices for their products. they also made rules for young people learning the craft. 2. What were the two kinds of guilds? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Why did trade and finance increase? Along with the growth in the food supply, trade and finance increases. Craft workers began to make more goods. these goods wee traded all over Europe. Towns held fairs each year. There merchants sold cloth, food, leather, and other wares. With more trade, mmerchants needed more cash. they had to borrow money to buy goods to sell. They needed new ways to get cash and loans and to exchange different types of money. The Church had rules against charging a fee for loaning money. Jews, who were outside the Church became te chief sources of loans. later, the Church relaxed its rules. Then Christians began to form banks. the expansion of trade and changes in banking practices was called the Commercial Revolution. 3. How did ways of doing buisiness change? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Why did towns grow larger? In the early 1100's, the populations of western Europe grew quickly. Trade was booming. Towns grew larger and more important. Towns were dirty places, with narrow streets. Wooden houses in the towns were fire hazards. Many peasants fled to the towns. After living there a year and a day, they became free. other town dwellers known as burghers, organized themselves. The burghers were of the merchant class. Merchants helped change the social order. They demanded more rights for town dwellers. 4. Why did peasants move to the towns? ________________________________________ ________________________________________ _______________________________________ Why did learning spread? Growing trade and wealth helped read to a growing interest in education. new centers of learning arose in Europe. They were called universities. At this time, most writers were still using Latin. However, some began using the vernacular. This was their native, everyday language. Dante Alighieri wrote "The Divine Comedy" in Italian. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote "The Cantebury Tales" in English. These writers brought literature to many people. During the Crusades, contact with the Muslims helped increase learning. Muslim scholars had preserved books from ancient Rome and Greece. these works the became available in Europe. Ancient writings influenced Christian thinkers, such as Thomas Aquinas. he reasoned tha the most basic religious truths could be proved by logic. Aquinas and his fellow scholars met at the great universities. They were known as school men, or scholastics. 5. How did the use of the vernacular help spread learning? ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Chapter 8 Section 3 In this section, you will read about the development of France and England. Terms and Names William the Conqueror - Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown Henry II - English king who added French lands to English holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine common law- A body of rulings by English judges Magna Carta - Great charter, which guaranteed certain basic political rights parliament - Body of representatives that makes laws for a nation Hugh Capet - Founder of the dynasty that ruled France from 987-1328 Philip II - One of the most powerful Capetian Kings Estates General - A council of representatives that advise the French King Summaries: England Absorbs Waves of Invaders England was formed by the blending of cultures. Danish Vikings invaded the island in the 800's. Some Germanic groups arrived there much earlier. over time, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons were united under one rule and kingdom. In 1066, King Edward died. A power struggle followed. This led to one last invasion. The invader was William the Conqueror. He was the duke of Normandy, a land in northern France. he won control of England and declared it his personal realm. 1. Who invaded England before William the Conqueror? England's Evolving Government What were some of England's earliest steps toward democracy? Later English kings, descendants of William, tried to hold and add to the land they still had in France. they also wanted to increase control over the government and the Church in England. Henry II ruled from 1154 to 1189. He was one of the strongest of William's descendants. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had been married to King Louis VII of France. From this marriage Henry gained more territory in France. In England he began the practice of trial by jury. Over the years, the ruling of English judges formed a body of law called common law. These laws form the basis of law in many English speaking countries. One of Henry's sons, King John, had serious problems. He was a poor military leaser. His harsh rule caused nobles to rebel against him. In 1215, they forced John to sign an important paper called the Magna Carta. It put limits on the power of the king. The document protected the power of the nobles only. Common people, though said that parts of the Magna Carta also applied to them. Another step toward limiting the king came in the 1200's. Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against the French. He called a meeting of representatives from all parts of England. It was called Parliament. The purpose of this meeting was to approved his tax plan. His Model Parliment met in 1295. This was the first time bishops, nobles, and common people attended together. 2. Why was the Magna Carta important? Capetian Dynasty Rules France What was the Capetian Dynasty? In France, a new dynasty of kings came to power. They were called the Capetians. They were named for the first of these rulers, Hugh Capet, who had been a duke from the middle of France. This dynasty ruled from 987 to 1328. France was split into 30 separate small territories. Each was ruled by a different lord. The Kings held only a small area centered in Paris. They tried to gain control of all the land. Gradually, the growth of royal power would unite France. One of the most successful kings was Philip II. He ruled from 1180 to 1223. He tripled the lands under his control. He also made a stronger central government. This gave the king more control over his lands and the people who lived there. His grandson, Louis IX, ruled from 1226 to 1270. He carried on Philip's work. There, people could appeal their lords' decisions. These court's increased the king's power. In 1302, Philip IV called a meeting of representatives. Like Edward I in England, Philip invited common people. This meeting and the council of representatives was called the Estates General. 3. How did the kings of France gain more control over their subjects? The Development of England and France England France *William the Conqueror invades *Hugh Capet increases the territory England in 1066 of France *Henry II (1154-1189) intro- * Philip II (1180-1223) establishes duces use of the jury in English courts. bailiffs to preside over courts and collect taxes *John (1199 -1216) agrees to the *Louis IX (1226-1270) creates French Magna Carta in 1215. appeals courts. *Edward I (1272-1307) calls the *Philip IV (1285-1314) adds Third Model Parliament in 1295 Estate to the Estates-General Use the Chart to answer to Questions. 1. Which English King signed one of the most important documents in English history? 2. What is similar about Edward I's and Philip IV's actions? Chapter 8 Section 4 Notes The Hundred Years' War and the Plague Terms and Names Avignon - City in France where the pope moved temporarily Great Schism - Division in the Church created by having pope's in both Avignon and Rome John Wycliffe -English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority on Christian life John Huss - Bohemian scholar who taught that the Bible was the final authority on Christian life bubonic plague - Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century Hundred Years' War - War between England and France waged from 1337 to 1453 Joan of Arc - English peasant who led the French army to victory at Orleans The Church Divided In 1300 , the pope said he had supreme authority over King Philip IV of France. Philip would not obey him. Held the pope prisoner. Philip planned to put him on trial. The pope was rescued but died soon after. The king then forced the election of a French cardinal as pope. In 1305, the new pope moved to Avignon, a city in France. There, the new pope was to lead the church. This action weakened the Cchurch. In 1378, the French pope at that time died. An Italian was elected the next pope. But the French elected their own pope. Confusion resulted. Church officials had two popes, one in France and the other in Rome. This situation, called the Great Schism, lasted 39 years. At the same time, the pope's authority was challenged. The English scholar John Wycliffe and the Bohemian John Huss argued that the Bible, not the pope, was the final authority for Christian teaching. 1. What created the Great Schism? The Bubonic Plague People of the late 1300's experienced an even greater shock that the schism in the Church. A deadly disease - the bubonic plague - struck. It swept across Europe. The plague started in 1347. It lasted for decades. Millions of people died. The disease wiped out about one-third of Europe's poulation. The plague affected Europe's economy. Trade declined, and prices rose. Towns became smaller. Fewer people meant fewer workers. Peasants demanded wages or their freedom. When nobles resisted these demands, peasants often revolted. The Church lost prestige (importance) because it could not stop the plague. Jews were persecuted all over Europe. The plague helped bring an end to the Middle Ages. 2. Name three effects of the plague? |
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World History Patterns of Interaction, McDougal Littell
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