Chapter 15 Section 1 Notes
Essential Question: How did the voyages of Columbus help to establish the European legacy that still exists today?
Main Idea: The Voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas.
Why it Matters Now: Throughout the Americas, Spanish culture, language, and descendants are the legacy of this period.
Terms and Names:
Christopher Columbus was a Genoese sea captain who made daring voyages from Spain to the west across the Atlantic in 1492. His original intent was to reach Asia but he stepped onto an island in the Caribbean instead. This event brought together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Colony land that is controlled by another nation.
Hernando Cortes In 1519 a Spaniard named Hernando Cortes landed in the shores of Mexico. After colonizing several Caribbean islands, the Spaniards turned their attention the the American mainland.
Conquistadors The Spanish explorers that followed Cortes to the mainland of America. Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver, conquistadors carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States. The Spanish were the first European settler in America. As a result of their colonization, the Spanish greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of North and South America.
Francisco Pizarro In 1532 he marched a small force into South America. He conquered the Incan Empire.
Atahualpa He was an Incan ruler captured by the Spaniard Pizarro and hi army. He was very wealthy and offered massive amounts of silver and gold in exchange for his release. Instead the Spaniards strangled the Incan king. The other Incan soldiers were demoralized and were eventually defeated by the Spaniards.
Mestizo The relationships between the Spanish settlers and the Native American women produced a population of people called mestizos. They were a mix of Spanish and Native American blood.
Encomienda In an effort to exploit the land for its precious resources, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under the encomienda system. Under this system, natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords. These landlords received the rights to the natives labor from Spanish authorities. The Spanish were supposed to treat the Native Americans properly and fairly but they aboused the natives and worked many laborers to death especially in the dangerous mines.
What process did Columbus and his followers begin?
Bringing together the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas
Why were most of the Spanish explorers drawn to the Americas?
lured by gold, silver, and land
Which country was the richest and most powerful in the 16th century and why?
Spain, because of its colonies and the wealth they provided.
Through what modern day-states did Coronado lead his expedition?
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
Chapter 15 Section 2 Notes
Main Idea: Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England emerged victorious.
Why it matters now?
The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the United States today.
Terms and Names:
New France Quebec was the base of Frances colonial empire in North America, It was known as New France.
Jamestown A colony founded by the English on the coast of Virginia.
Pilgrims English settlers who founded a second English colony in 1620, which became known as Massachusetts.
Puritans a group of English settlers who arrived in Massachusetts ten years after the Pilgrims. They were also seeking religious freedom.
New Netherland The Dutch holdings in North America
French and Indian War The conflict that also became know as the Seven Years War between England and France. Along with their European allies each battled for supremacy in Europe, North America, West Indies and India.
Metacom ( also known as King Philip)- In 1675 the Native American ruler named Metacom led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts. After a year of fighting the colonists defeated the natives.
The Europeans brought with them many diseases. The Native American population did not have the immunities to fight these diseases and many died.
What was the basic difference between French and English attitudes about the land they acquired in North America?
English wanted to farm; French wanted to take part in fur trade
What was the main result of the French and Indian War?
The British controlled most of the eastern half of North America.
What were some of the results for the Native Americans of European colonization of North America?
Native Americas lost their land and their lives from disease and warfare.
What may have been on reason the English eventually beat the French in North America?
The English had more settlers.
What need drove the English farther west in the North American continent?
More land for a growing population
In what ways did the colonies at Jamestown and Massachusetts differ?
Jamestown was comprised mostly of single males seeking financial gain. The Massachusetts Bay colony had numerous families and its people had fled England because of religious persecution. For this reason, they were tolerant of other religions.
More about Metacom
Like his father, Metacom wanted to maintain peace with the Europeans, but he found it difficult when he saw native lands being sold. The uneasy truce of 13 years was shattered when the government of Plymouth executed three natives for killing a man who had informed on the tribe. Metacom led a coalition of tribes for more than a year before he died in battle. To celebrate their victory over Metacom, the Puritans cut off his head and displayed it at Plymouth for many years.
Chapter 15 Section 3 Notes
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Main Idea: To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in the Americas.
Why it Matters Now:
Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of America's population today.
Terms and Names:
Atlantic Slave Trade - The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas. This became a massive enterprise between the years 1500 and 1600. Nearly 300.000 Africans were transported to the Americas.
Triangular trade - The trading route that links Europe, Africa and the Indies
another was New England, Africa, West Indies
Middle Passage - The voyage that brought captured Africans to the WEst Indies and later to North and South America.
What effect did the spread of Islam have on the slave trade?
increase in the slave trade
How did enslaved Africans resist their bondage?
broke tools, uprooted plants, worked slowly, escaped, revolted
How did African slaves contribute to the development of the Americas?
through labor, knowledge of agriculture, culture
How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in Africa?
Africa - Slaves could escape their bondage.
Americas - Most slaves worked for life; slavery was hereditary
Chapter 15 Section 4 Notes
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Main Idea: The colonization of the Americas intorduced new items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Why It Matters Now: The global exange of goods permanently changed Europe. Asia, AFrica and the Americas.
Terms and Names
Columbian Exchange-The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.
capitalism-an economic system based on private ownershio and the investment of resources such as money, for profit.
joint-stock company -The Joint-stock company worked much like the modern-day cooperation, with investors buying shares of stock in the company. It involved many people combining their wealth for a common purpose.
mecantilism- The theory of mercantilism held that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth. Wealth, after all, allowed nations to build strong navies and purchase vital goods. As a result, the goal of every nations became the attainment of as much wealth as possible.
favorable balance of trade -the positions in which more goods are sold that purchased
What were some of the food items that traveled from the Americas to the rest of the world?
potatoes, corn, tomatoes and peppers
What food and livestock from the rest of the world traveled to the Americas?
bananas, coffee, onions, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses
What were some of the effects on European society of the economic revolution that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries?
growth of towns and rise of the merchant class, more social mobility; European nations wealthier.
The Atlantic World
Global Interaction
Europeans Native Americans Africans
*Beginning around *Between 1521 and 1533, *Beginning around 1500,
1500, the Spanish the once mighty Aztec and millions of Africans are
and Portuguese Incan empires fall to the taken from their homeland
colonize central invading Spanish. and forced to labor as
and South America slaves in the Americas.
and establish prosperous
overseas empires.
*Throughout the 1600's *Throughout the Americas, *Africans eventually
and 1700's the English, the native population is became an important
French, and Dutch battle devastated by European part of the Americans,
for control of North conquests and diseases. as they populate the
America with the English various regions and
emerging victorious. share aspects of their
culture.
How and Why Chapter 20 Essay Template
1. How did the Spanish organize their empire in the Americas? Was this an efficient operation economically?
Explained in question 5
2. What role did the Catholic Church play in the pacification (subduing, calming) of Native American civilizations?
*Close relationship between the monarchy and the thrown
* The monarchy helped the church financially by supporting the missionaries financially
*This was part of the counter-reformation activity of the Catholic Church to suppress the foothold of Protestantism in the New World.
3. Describe the encomienda system. How did it differ from the repartimiento? Why was the hacienda such a dominant institution in rural and agricultural life?
See question 5 for definitions of each.
4. Describe the Atlantic slave trade. Where were the slaves obtained and how were they treated. How did slavery affect the economy of the transatlantic trade?
*Africa
*supported the economy by providing free labor that replaced the Spanish enconmienda and repartimiento system.
5. Discuss mercantilism in theory and practice. What were its main ideas?
Did they work? Which European country was most successful in establishing a mercantilist empire?
Terms to use in your answer:
Intro:The goal of every major nation was to increase national wealth. The goal of every major nation was to obtain more gold and silver bullion than its rival. Colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for its own country.
Mercantilism is a system in which governments heavily regulated trade and commerce to increase national wealth.
Conquistador The Spanish word for conquerors of the New World.
Encomienda The grant by the Spanish crown to colonists of the New World to use a specific number of Indians as labor for a specific amount of time.
Repartimiento a labor tax in Spanish America that required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days a year to the Spanish economic enterprises.
Hacienda large landed estates in Spanish America
Peninsulares persons born in Spain who settled in the Spanish colonies
6. How did the triangles of trade function among the Americas, Europe, and Africa?
Americas: establishments of plantations drew Africa and slavery into the heart of the transatlantic economy.
Europe: Europeans looked down on African slaves
Africa: Slavery took many of the strongest young men and most of the young women from the population
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