Chapter 17                   Section 1                      Guided Reading

Essential Questions:  The Renaissance means "rebirth".  How did the Renaissance philosophy lead to modern ideology?

1. Renaissance inspired spirit of curiosity; discoveries of classical manuscripts led to realization that ancient scholars often did not agree; scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years; printing press spread new ideas quickly.

2. Long sea voyages required better navigational instruments, which led to research in astronomy and mathematics.  As scientists looked more closely at the world around them, they made discoveries that did not match ancient beliefs.

3.  Planets revolve around the sun.

4. Mathematical laws govern planetary motion; orbits of the planets are elliptical, not circular.

5. Each pendulum swing takes the same amount of time; falling objects accelerate at a fixed rate; Jupiter has moons.

6. The same force – gravity- rules all matter on earth and in space.  Every object in the universe attracts every other; the degree of attraction is determined by mass and distance.

7. invention of the telescope, microscope, barometer, thermometer

8. study of human anatomy, first vaccine (against small pox)

9. Boyle’s law explaining relationship of volume, temperature, and pressure of gas; discovery of oxygen

2. The scientific method, which uses observation, experimentation, and reasoning to reach new conclusions, is based on Bacon’s empirical, or experimental, method and on Descarte’s belief that mathematics and logic should be the means to arrive at and express basic truths about the natural world.

Chapter 17                               Guided Reading                        Section 2

1. believed in tolerance, reason, and freedom of thought, expression, and religious belief; fought against prejudice and superstition
2. advocated separation of powers and checks and balances to keep individual or group from gaining complete control of government
3. comitted to individual freedom; viewed government as an agreement among free individuals to create a society  guided by the “general will”; unlike other Enlightenment thinkers, believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness and destroyed freedom and equality.
4. believed laws existed to preserve social order; advocated a criminal justice system based on fairness and reason
5. believed that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful; argued for women’s rights to become educated and to participate in politics

2. encourage people to judge for themselves what was right or wrong in society and to rely on human reason to solve social problems
3. In Hobbe’s view, because people always acted in their own self interest, they needed a social contract, or government , to keep order; the best government would be an absolute monarchy that could impose order and demand obedience.  Locke believed people were reasonable beings with the natural ability to govern themselves.  The purpose of government was to protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Chapter 17                               Class notes                   Section 3

1. spread of enlightened thinking in all areas by publishing “Encyclopedia”
2. broke from traditionally ornate musical forms and developed the sonata and symphony
3. set a new standard for elegance and originality with his varied and numerous musical compositions
4. exhibited a great range in his works; moved from the classical style of Mozart to begin new trend that carried music into the Age of Romanticism
5. wrote “Pamela”, the first English novel
6. committed himself to the goal of reforming and strengthening his country; granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education and the justice system, and abolished torture; considered that the king should be “first servant of the state”
7. abolished serfdom, initiated legal reforms, introduced freedom of the press, supported freedom of religion
8. tried to modernize and reform Russia according to the wirtings of the philosphes; accomplished limited reforms

2. Salon: social gathering in a person’s home at which enlightened thinkers shared ideas and enjoyed artisitic performances

Baroque: grand ornate style of the arts that was popular before the Enlightenment

Neoclassical:  simple elegant style of the arts that emphasized order and balance and borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.

Enlightened despot: absolute monarch who reflected Enlightenment ideals of reform and reason

Chapter 17                               Class notes                   Section 4

1. Cause:  need to pay off debts from French and Indian War

Effect:  Colonists boycott British manufactured goods in protest; Parliament repeals Stamp Act tax.

2. Cause:  Colonists protest an import tax and tea and dump tea off British ships.

Effect:  First Continental Congress meets to protest punishment of Boston

3. Cause:  British soldiers and American militiamen exchange fire at Lexington and Concord

Effect; American Revolution begins

4. Cause:  France wants to weaken its enemy Britain

Effect:  Combined forces result in victory for the Americans

5. Cause:  States need a plan for a national government but want to protect their own authority

Effect:  National government is set up but is powerless to govern.

B.  The Declaration of Independence uses the political ideas of john Locke to defend rebellion against a government that abuses the natural rights of its people.  The U.S. Constitution, with its system of checks and balances and federal system dividing powers between the national and state governments, reflects Montesquieu’s ideas of separation and balance of powers.   The Bill of Rights guarantees many of the rights and freedoms advocated by the philosophes, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and protecting the rights of people who are accused of crimes.