WCch4 1-4

polis- a city state

acropolis - high city

citizens-free residents

monarchy - government of heriditary rulers

aristocracy - rule by heriditary landholding elite

oligarchy- power in the hands of small, wealthy elite

phalanx - a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

Sparta-the city state inhabited by the Dorian military society

Athens-Greek city state / democracy-government by the people

tyrant-people who gain power by force

legislative body-lawmaking body that debates laws and decides to accept or reject them

alliance- a formal agreement between two or more nations

Pericles - Athenian statesman

direct democracy- in this system citizen take part in the everyday affairs of government

ostracism - The person with the largest number od votes against him would have to live outside the city for at least 10 years.

stipend - fixed salary

jury- panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgement in a trial

philosophers - "lovers of wisdom"

logic-rational thinking

rhetoric- the artful skill of speaking

Scorates - Athenian stonemason and philosopher

Plato- passed on the teachings of Socrates

Aristotle -
plato's famous student who developed his own ideas about governemtn

Parthenon-a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

rigid stiff, unbending

tragedies- stories of human sufffering

comedies - jumpras [lays that mocked people or customs

Herodotus- "Father of History"

bias- a mental leaning; prejudice; slant

Review of Key Concepts Chapter 4

1. Trade - The culture and economy of ancient Greese were greatly influenced by trade. However, Greece was not the first civilization to be define by its trade with others. Compare and contrast the system of trade in Ancient Greece and Phoenicia. For each group think about the following:
* the form of travel used and the routes taken
* the range of territory reached by each group
*the building and settlement of towns
* contact with other groups and cultural diffusion

2. Science - Learning and study were important priorities in both ancient Greece and in ancient China. Each society made numerous scientic contributions that still affect us today. Compare the achievements made by each society in astonomy and medicine. How do you think these advances impact us today?

3. Cultural diffusion - The Phoenician alphabet was borrowed and modified by the Greeks. That alphabet was then borrowed and adapted by the Romans. As you know, this evolution of the alphabet led to the version we use today. How do you think this alphabet more than any other form of ancient writing is still used in Western Cultures today?

Key Events in Ancient Greece

1600 B.C. Minoan civilization at its height

594 B.C. Solon appointed archon.

460 B.C. Age of Pericles marks the height of democracy in Athens.

431 B.C. Peloponnesian War begins

331 B.C. Alexander the Great conquers the Persian empire.

323 B.C. The Hellenistic Age begins.

133 B.C. Dominance in the Mediterranean passes from Greece to Rome.

Major Conflicts in Ancient Greece

Conflict      Participants      Reason          Victor

Trojan War   Mycenae      Economic       Mycenaeans
                  and Troy      Rivalry

Persian        Greek city-   Half the spread   Greek city-
War             states and    of the Persian     states
                  Persia          empire

Pelopponnesian Athens     Resentment       Sparta and
War             and Sparta    of Athenian       Allies
                  (spread to     domination
                  all of Greece) and disagree-
                                      ment on the
                                      form of government

Key Politcal Leaders
Solon: Athenian archon who introduced reforms making the government more democratic and the economy more profitable

Pisistratus: Athenian tyrant who gave poor citizens a voice in government and weakened the aristocracy.

Cleisthenes: Athenian leader who created the council of 500 and the assembly a legislature.

Pericles: Athenian states man who instituted direct democracy in Athens, increased participation in government, provided salaries for government employees, and encouraged the cultural development of Athens.

Philip II: Macedonian King that conquered Greece

Alexander the Great: Macedonian leader who conquered an empire stretching form Greece to India and encouraged the spread of Greek culture throughout his empire.

            Important Cultural figures of Greece
Individual                                 Achievement

Philosophy
Socrates             Sought truth and self-kowledge;
                         Socratic Method

Plato                  Favored the rule of a philospher-king
                         wrote The Republic

UNDER CONSTRUCTION